پژوهشنامه حمل و نقل
سال بیستم شماره 3 (پیاپی 76، پاییز 1402)

 The activity plans of individuals and their characteristics play an important role in transportation models and realated travel behaviors. Therefore, considering people individually without taking into account their role in the household and the effects of other household members on them reduces the accuracy and validity of transportation models. Therefore, in this paper, two separate models were developed, in one of which the individual was in the form of a household, and in the other, each household was considered as a decision-making unit. The data used in this paper was from a Washington household survey. The models were the multinomial logit in which the daily activity patterns of individuals were once considered to form a trip chain of individuals using the household activity plans and again for shared trips of households to calculate the utility of possible choice options for each individual and household and compare them with other options. The trip chain formation model was built with seven activity objectives of "work, education, companionship (escort), personal work (self-employment and virtual work with phone and internet), shopping, food, and social/recreational" and variables in categories of "type of individuals, age group, household income, household composition, gender/child," and the shared trip model was built with three types of activity patterns of "work, education, companionship (escort), personal work (self-employment and virtual work with phone and internet), This kind of behavior in the home and with other people will definitely have a big effect on how realistic the models are and, as a result, on progress and growth in the transportation planning.

In developing countries, the crash risk on mountainous rural highways is higher than on non-mountainous rural highways due to their complex geometric design. Thus, the consistency of geometric characteristics with drivers’ behavior plays a remarkable role in reducing crashes in these areas. In this study, two substandard mountainous rural highways of Iran were selected to measure local design consistency based on continuous speed data collected by smartphone technology. The idea of employing critical elements was introduced to evaluate local design consistency. The critical element is an individual element with a higher CCR (curvature change rate) value compared to the CCR values of their adjacent elements. An individual element was defined as a curve or a group of curves with similar CCR values, and short tangents between each two curves. The efficiency of this concept was evaluated base on statistical hypothesis test and determining spearman rank coefficient between a popular design consistency indictor and expected rural highway crashes. The null hypothesis was rejected for all of the critical elements and it was confirmed that drivers reduce their speed when they face the critical element. Finally, several concepts related to design consistency on mountainous rural highways were elaborated according to operating speed profiles.

Considering the importance of expanding the transportation network and its role in the economy, investment in this sector plays an important role in the growth and prosperity of the country's economy. One of the factors influencing investment in the transportation sector is the exchange rate. To investigate the exchange rate shocks, initially, using Hodrick-Prescott filter, predicted shocks and unexpected positive and negative shocks have been extracted. Further, in specifying the investment equation in the transportation sector, in addition to these shocks, the effect of other variables such as the added value of the transportation sector and the interest rate have been examined. For this purpose, using the auto-regressive distributed lag method (ARDL) as well as the error correction model (ECM), the long-term and short-term relationship between investment in the transportation sector and the factors affecting it during the years 1370-1999 has been evaluated. The results of estimating the short-term and long-term coefficients show that the added value of the transportation sector has a positive effect on the investment in the transportation sector, and the interest rate has a negative effect on the investment in the transportation sector. Also, the results show that the expected exchange rate shocks in the short and long term have a positive effect on investment in the transportation sector. In addition, unexpected positive exchange rate shocks also have a negative effect on investment in the transportation sector, and negative exchange rate shocks also have a positive effect on investment in the transportation sector in the long term.  Also, the results of the asymmetry test of positive and negative exchange rate shocks show that the exchange rate has asymmetric effects on investment in the transportation sector.

Moisture damage is one of the disadvantages of warm mix asphalt. Recently, researchers use appropriate additives such as waste materials to address this issue. This study aims to overcome the moisture sensitivity of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) using additives such as nanomaterials as well as waste rubber granules. Bitumen (60/70) with a total weight of 1, 3, and 5% of Nano-TiO2 as well as 0, 10, and 20% of rubber granules by total weight of granite aggregate. The mixing and compaction temperature of bitumens were determined using a rotational viscosity test (RV). The optimal bitumen percentage was determined using the Marshall method. The results showed that the Nano-TiO2 has a small effect on this value, but the use of rubber granules has changed this percentage. To assess the moisture susceptibility of mixtures, indirect tensile strength test and resilient modulus test were used, and two criteria of indirect tensile strength ratio (TSR) and resilient modulus ratio (RMR) were calculated to compare the performance of the mixtures through the different freeze-thaw cycles. The results of experiments show that the addition of Nano-TiO2 to bitumen alone improves moisture resistance, but the use of rubber granules reduces this resistance. According to the results of this study, to improve the efficiency of the mixture containing rubber granules from the perspective of the TSR index, Nano-TiO2 should be used. For this purpose, the minimum required percentage of Nano-TiO2, to replace 10% of rubber granules, is 3%. From the RMR index point of view, all mixtures modified with Nano-TiO2, as well as the design containing 10% rubber granules, will pass the limit of Iranian regulation and will be acceptable in terms of moisture susceptibility.

According to the statistics of the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization in 2019, about 17,000 people died in driving accidents in Iran, which about 3,300 of them were motorcycles' passengers. Also, intersections all over the world include a major share of accidents. Therefore, due to the increase in the use of motorcycles in the world and their low safety level, It is important to study the impact of various variables on safety of motorcyles at intrsections. Among the variables, the movement speed is particularly important due to its direct relationship with the severity of injuries caused by accidents. In this study, which was conducted by video analysis method, A total of 304 conflicts between vehicles and motorcycles were investigated at intersections in Qom. Then, using one-way ANOVA analysis, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of road users' movement speed on the safety of motorcyclists in conflict with vehicles at urban intersections, based on TTC and PET conflict indicators. For this purpose, Conflict indicators were investigated in two critical and non-critical states. As a result the value of vehicle's speed has a significant effect on making a conflict critical, so that it was 13 and 25 percent higher than the similar values in the non-critical states of TTC and PET indicators, respectively. while the amount of motorcycles speed did not show significant change in critical situations. It means that in conflicts between vehicles and motorcycles at intersections, among the different road users' speed, the main factor that makes a conflict critical and results in accidents, is the increase in the vehicles' speed not the motorcycles' speed. Therefore, proper safety measures to reduce the speed of these vehicles at intersections such as the use of intelligent speed adaptation systems or infrastructure measures such as visual signs or speed bumps are priorities.

Today, due to the rapid increase in the bitumen price and environmental problems, the hot mix recycling is taken into consideration in the construction of asphalt pavements. From a technical point of view, fibers are materials that improve a number of behaviors of asphalt mixtures. The aim of this research is to investigate the technical properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in the presence of para-fibers in order to achieve a suitable combination of these parameters. For this purpose, a new approach was utilized to design the experiment, analyze the results and choose the appropriate asphalt mixture. This approach uses a two-level factorial design in the Design Expert software environment based on desirability functions. The results showed that in the mixture containing 50% RAP and 6% bitumen, increasing the fibers from zero to 0.2% increases the Marshall strength value by 17.4% and decreases the Marshal flow value by 3.8%. In the same mixture with 4% bitumen, with the increase of fibers from zero to 0.2%, Marshall's strength and flow increase by 1.8 and 21.5, respectively. The most air voids are related to the mixtures, containing 50% RAP, 4% bitumen and 0.2% fibers. The results for selected materials showed that the suitable combination for the production of reclaimed asphalt mixtures according to the design criteria in Iran Highway Asphalt Paving Code is 6% bitumen, 50% RAP and 0.2% para-fiber.

By strengthening social attitudes and urban design in the last decade of the 20th century, i.e. at the eve of the third millennium, public transport development has been introduced as the most comprehensive view, though the inefficient public transport system is ineffective in many developing countries. Many factors are involved in such inefficiency, one of which is political-management factor. The present study is to investigate and analyze the political-management barriers to public transport development in Ahvaz metropolis. The study employs applied-theoretical and descriptive-analytical research methods as well as survey data collection research technique. The research data was collected through documentary, library, survey techniques and interviewing with people and experts. The statistical population of this study consisted of 15 experts and experts in executive and academic fields. ANP and DEMATEL Multivariate decision making techniques were used for data analysis and Kriging formula was employed for zoning barriers. The results show that the political-management barriers to public transport development in Ahvaz are divided into four categories: political-management barriers at national level (17 factors), provincial level (11 factors), urban management level (22 factors), and level of eight districts of Municipality of Ahvaz (5 factors). At the national level, centralized planning; at the provincial level, the weakness of organizational culture; at the level of urban management, long-term delays in launching projects are the main barriers to public transport development. Zoning barriers in the area also indicates that most of Ahvaz's areas are in undesirable range..

This paper presents a low-cost combined finite element/finite strip method to simulate and analysis of long span box bridge with internal diaphragm. In this regard, the finite element method was used to simulate the bridge and the diaphragms were modeled using finite element method. The displacement-strain relationships were derived based on the first shear deformation theory. The Lagrange multiplication factors were used to apply the displacement boundary condition on the connection between the diaphragm and the bridge. The bridge was subjected to two types of loading (concentrate and distributed loads). The stiffness matrix and load vector of the diaphragms were computed on the global coordinate system. The stiffness matrix and load vector of the bridge was obtained in local coordinate system. The stiffness matrix and load vector of the bridge were transferred into the global coordinate system using the transformation matrix. The responses of the bridge and diaphragm (such as deflection, internal forces and stresses) were computed using the static analysis. The bridge response obtained from the method developed in this study was compared with that obtained from ABAQUS software (a fully finite element model of the bridge and diaphragm) in order to prove the validity of the results computed by the approach developed in this paper. The comparison shows that although a negligible difference is seen between the results obtained from the ABAQUS and the proposed method, the computational cost of the ABAUQS model is significantly greater than that of the method developed in this study. The effects of loading type, number of elements, bridge cross section and diaphragm on the bridge response were investigated. The results show that the diaphragm increases the bridge torsional resistance. Moreover, when an asymmetric point load was applied to the bridge, the bridge rotation was significantly decreased using the diaphragm.

  with the expansion of urbanization, the need for intelligent transportation to facilitate the movement of citizens has received more attention than before. Identifying and predicting the use of transportation modes is one of the most basic prerequisites for setting up and using intelligent transportation services. With the advancement of location technologies, agents, and smartphones, a lot of information is generated by many devices using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). In this study, 4 Point features and 59 travel features and advanced features were extracted, four classification models GB, XGBoost, LightGBM and CatBoost subset of Boosting method after hybrid feature selecting with 3 classification models CNN, LSTM, and ConvLSTM subset of Deep Learning method Implemented and analyzed to predict transportation modes including walking, using bicycles, using buses, using cars, and using trains usage the GeoLife dataset. Finally, the LightGBM model predicted transportation modes with higher accuracy (95.49%) and less time complexity than other models.

Increasing the level of safety in the road transport sector has always been one of the most important issues in the transportation system. In the national transport industry, the outsourcing industry always has the highest casualties. By identifying the safety indicators and the points of the extra-urban accident and increasing their level of safety, the percentage of losses and losses can be greatly reduced. Research for modeling human performance has led to the creation of two new research fields, neural networks and fuzzy systems. Neural networks are dynamic systems that, by simulating the functioning of the nervous system and the human brain by processing on experimental data, transfer knowledge or law beyond the data to the network structure, and relying on the ability to learn and ability parallel processing is capable of solving complex problems. Fuzzy systems, based on the approximate human decision-making process, are quantitatively and intuitively modeled quantitative, and thus they are trying to deal with uncertainties. The simplicity and comprehensiveness of this method are its advantages. Neuro-fuzzy systems combine two methods of parallel learning and processing of neural networks and approximate fuzzy inference. In this research, a neuro-fuzzy recurrence network is designed to predict the number of accidents. Then, the genetic algorithm is proposed for a new method in the training of this network and compared to them.

The factors used in the foresight of any system vary from country to country, society, culture, politics and even time. Identifying and planning for influential factors in any industry is of particular importance. By identifying influential indicators, planners and policymakers determine which indicators are prioritized. Also, to move towards the main goal of organizations, identifying these indicators will help policymakers and planners to invest and optimize the most important indicators.The main purpose of this study is to identify the political factors affecting the future of the rail transport system in the freight sector. In this research, the identification of political factors of the rail transportation system in the freight sector has been done using a combination of library, field and Delphi studies and Micmac software has been used in the analysis. The three stages of this research have sought to present the most important political factors affecting the future of rail transportation in Iran. In the first step, all factors were identified. In the second stage, using the Delphi method, a consensus was reached in three consecutive periods, and in the third stage, using Micmac software, eleven factors in three categories were presented as the most important drivers for the future of the rail freight transportation system.
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One of the success factors in treatment is timely delivery of the injured to the treatment center. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different factors on the response time to traffic jams. In this cross-sectional-analytical study, the cases of traffic accidents injured by Fars emergency management were censored. Identify the injured and his case was merged with the admissions record of Shahid Rajaie Hospital. Early diagnosis and external causes were recorded in accordance with the International Standard Classification of Diseases. Using STATA software version 14, the analysis was performed and the tests were evaluated with a 0.05 error. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the means in several groups and t-test of two independent samples was used to compare the means in the two groups. In these studies, 11047 patients admitted to the hospital due to traffic accidents were investigated. Men accounted for 72.6% of the injured. The average age of injuries was 33.6 years. The average response time in the survivors was 53.7 and in the deceased 51.48. The average response time for in-city injuries was 52.35 and the extra-urban injuries were 58.71. The highest average response time was in southeastern Shiraz. The mechanism of occurrence and the location and time of the accident occurred as a feature that significantly affected the time of arrival at the hospital. Minimizing the time of patient's transfer to the hospital is possible by increasing the number of emergency bases, equipping relief vehicles, providing more training to emergency medical staff and increasing the number of hospitals based on the spatial dispersion of traffic accidents which requires more attention to traffic problems inside and outside the city of Shiraz.

Capital, as an important factor in production patterns, has a fundamental and decisive role in the production process of all economic sectors, and its lack is considered one of the most important restrictions on the economic growth of countries. One of the factors affecting investment in the transportation sector is tax. Therefore, it is important to investigate the relationship between tax morale and tax evasion on the flow of investment in the transportation sector in the country's economy. Considering the importance of the topic, in this study, the effect of tax spirit and tax evasion on the inflow of investment in Iran's transportation sector during the years 1357-98 has been investigated using the quintile regression approach. The results show that the low tax morale variable has a negative effect on the investment flow in the transportation sector and this effect is statistically significant at the 5% error level, and the estimated coefficients show that with a one percent increase in the low tax morale (with a constant assumption) presence of other factors), the investment flow in Iran's transportation sector will decrease between 8.24 and 6.12 percent. Also, the tax evasion variable has a negative effect on the investment flow in Iran's transportation sector and is statistically significant in the 2nd to 6th quintiles, and the estimated coefficients show that with a one percent increase in the tax evasion variable and assuming other factors are constant, The investment flow in Iran's transportation sector decreases between 0.06 and 0.12 percent. Also, the results show that the effect of the variables of tax savings and added value of the transport sector on the investment flow in Iran's transport sector is positive and the effect of the interest rate variable on the investment flow in the transport sector of Iran is negative and significant in quintiles 1 to 6..

Promoting cycling and promoting cycling culture is one of the necessities of urban communities and a suitable solution to overcome traffic problems, especially in metropolitan areas. Cultivating the use of bicycles is a difficult and time-consuming process and in addition to spending various expenses to encourage people to travel this way, it requires accurate knowledge of behaviour and underlying psychological factors in the willingness or unwillingness to travel. Despite numerous plans for cycling in Tehran and other metropolitan areas of Iran and spending money on these plans, there is no tendency to cycling among the residents of these cities. As a result, this study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the tendency to use bicycles in Tehran. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical by preparing and completing a questionnaire and finally using a structural equation model based on partial least squares. In this study, the effect of physical health, personality traits, self-concepts, self-efficacy, and other socio-economic variables such as age, gender, income, and education were investigated. The results indicate a significant contribution of psychological variables to the intention to use a bicycle. The neurotic personality trait variable had the most negative effect and the positive mood variable along with psychological self-concept and self-efficacy showed the most positive effect on the intention to use the bicycle.

Road construction and maintenance organizations usually use certain criteria to qualify asphalt mixtures before use in construction. One of the most important features that is measured in the asphalt mixing and quality control plan is the Marshall asphalt stability. This study examines the use of machine learning techniques to predict Marshall asphalt stability. Due to the time-consuming and costly process of asphalt production and quality control, it is necessary to use new methods in this process. In this research, two supervised support vector machine and random forest algorithms, which are machine learning algorithms, were used to predict the marshal asphalt stability. For this purpose, the test results of 2000 asphalt samples including Granulation of aggregate, Fracture percentage, bitumen adsorption, bitumen specific gravity, actual specific gravity of materials, bitumen consumption percentage, dust to effective binder ratio and Marshall asphalt stability for training and evaluation Models were used. After modeling and evaluation, the value of R2 is 87.5 for the support vector machine method and 82.69 for the random forest. Also, MAPE, RMES and SDE values for SVM were 3.1073, 40.042 and 0.0208, respectively, and for RF were 3.1641, 41.870 and 0.0211, respectively. The results show the efficiency of the models used against laboratory methods for predicting marshal asphalt stability, which SVM method has a better performance than RF. Machine learning methods can be used to predict other parameters of the asphalt mixing plan and reduce the time, cost and human error of the tests.

Promoting the use of public transport instead of using private vehicles is the most practical, effective, and least cost-effective way to reduce intra-city traffic problems in a country. Encouraging citizens to use public transport instead of private vehicles requires the various facilities for people when using these vehicles. Lack of sufficient attention to transport and traffic problems in recent years has led to huge social, economic, and environmental costs, the most important of which are risks to energy resources, high fuel consumption, increased fatalities and injuries, air pollution, traffic, and environmental damage. According to published statistics, every passenger in a private vehicle consumes twelve times as much fuel as a passenger in a bus and produces fifteen and a half times as much pollution. This study aims to investigate the vehicles selected by citizens in intra-city travels in District 6 of Tehran. Hence, using a questionnaire, we have focused on gathering information and modeling the travel model selected by citizens with various travel purposes. The results show that the purpose in travel for majority of the citizens is business, most of which have chosen private vehicles as travel mode. Then, for modeling the travel mode selected by citizens, the logistic regression model for each travel purpose (business, leisure, education, shopping) and the neural network model were used. By observing the R square derived from logistic and neural network models, it is found that the neural network model is a more appropriate model for selecting the travel mode. In this regard, the neural network model was used to forecast the travel mode selection. The validation results in the neural network model show the proximity of the prediction value to the actual value.

At coordinated signals, a signal may go to transition due to oversized pedestrian timing, transit signal priority (TSP), or emergency vehicles. In these situations, a signal tries to bring back disrupted coordination to its original plan by a transition option. There are several options for transitions, including Dwell, Max Dwell, Add, Subtract, and Short way. To have a quantitative tool to analyze different transition options, mathematical models of transition methods were developed. Then the mathematical models of transition options were implemented into software called TOD (Transition Options’ Delays), which is an open-source program available for anyone who is interested in using it. With this software, practitioners simply input the common timing parameters such as cycle length, vehicle and pedestrian volume, and required pedestrian timing. The software will then give a recommendation based on the overall delay. The mathematical models and the related TOD software are expected to provide improved recommendations when dealing with pedestrian crossings at coordinated signal systems.

Steel pipe piles are used as the foundation of marine structures such as bridges, hydrocarbon extraction platforms, wind turbines and anchoring elements. Due to the importance and high construction cost of these structures, any weakness and failure in their pile foundations can lead to catastrophic economic, environmental and social damages. Therefore, accurate analysis, safe design and reliable determination of their bearing capacities are of particular importance. In this study, the compressive axial bearing capacity of 24 long offshore driven steel pipe piles in the cohesive sediments of the Persian Gulf is estimated using 10 methods based on direct results of cone penetration test (CPT and CPTu) and 5 methods based on static analysis. The bearing capacity values obtained from these methods are compared and validated with the corresponding measured data attianed from the pile dynamic analysis tests. Then, the performance of these methods are analyzed in terms of accuracy and quality of predicting shaft, tip and total bearing capacities based on 12 statistical criteria. Subsequently, the probable time of soil set-up around the offshore piles in the Persian Gulf is estimated using laboratory and field tests as well as the emprical relationships available in the technical literature. It is shown that the piles installed in the considered area will have the highest growth of bearing capacity after about 100 days from the initial driving and reach their maximum or long-term bearing capacities.

Disasters are classified into two groups: man-made disasters and natural disasters. One of the main goals of crisis management is to reduce the damage and minimize personal suffering and improve the situation as much as possible. This study examines the evacuation planning before a flood occurs and the design of suitable shelter locations for flood evacuation. The issue involves the leadership (authorities) determining the locations of the shelter to minimize evacuation time and a few followers (migrants) who are able to choose the destination (shelter) and the route leading to it. In this study, in order to investigate the evacuation planning before the flood disaster, a location allocation model for the implementation of the flood evacuation plan is proposed. The proposed model is formulated as a two-tier programming problem using a genetic algorithm. The high-level problem is the selection of shelters with minimum evacuation time and the low-level problem is a combination of distribution and allocation (CDA) problems. In order to solve the two-level program problem, GA-based problem solving method is designed. The results showed that planning is one of the most important tools used in crisis and disaster management. The choice of shelter location and the effects of capacity range on the evacuation plan have the particular importance. As the capacity of the existing shelter increases, the number of selected shelters and the total evacuation time will decrease. Also, any increase in the occupancy rate of the vehicle will lead to a reduction in the total unloading time.

The fifth-generation wireless mobile communications (5G) is emerging and has not yet been fully implemented. However, the implementation of various 5G applications can be expected to improve existing services and provide new and more innovative services in the coming years. One of its primary uses is in intelligent transportation to establish communication and information transfer between Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P), and Vehicle-to-Network (V2N), which has many benefits such as improving safety and reducing traffic congestion. It also provides fuel consumption and environmental impact. Therefore, connecting the Vehicle to everything (V2X) with the 5G approach as a new communication field needs more attention and focus. To achieve safe road safety and activate vital communication services, it has a variety of uses that should be considered. Therefore, this article, emphasizing the 5G and identifying 5G-based intelligent transportation projects, aims to prioritize these projects using the analysis hierarchical process (AHP). Therefore, after collecting the relevant questionnaires and analyzing the data, the three projects of connecting public vehicle data to user software, connecting police, emergency, etc., to vehicle information, and connecting vehicle status to traffic lights were prioritized. Managers need to pay attention to them when deciding on intelligent transportation projects.

The use of bicycle is one of the effective ways to develop sustainable urban transportation system and reduce traffic and environmental problems. Therefore, in order to eliminate traffic issues and develop this kind of transportation system, the present study is firstly aimed to identify effective factors on the selection of the bicycle route in Karun, Qasr Al-Dasht, Dampezeshki and Jeyhun streets in the district 10 of Tehran city and secondly the streets are prioritized based on the criteria and subcriteria for the bicycle route. For achieving the purposes, firstly, factors contributed to the improvement of urban traffic quality using a questionnaire survey based on 20 experts and 280 citizens are investigated. Secondly, criteria and sub-criteria related to bicycle route factors are examined based on multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods including Delphi technique and cause-effect relationships by decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method. In addition, analytic network process (ANP) and T-test are applied for prioritizing effective factors and studied streets in order to place bicycle routes. Therefore, according to the questionnaire survey, 5 criteria and 28 sub-criteria related to the selection of the bicycle routes were found and the reliability of the questionnaire survey was obtained 0.9. Furthermore, the relative importance and weighting average values for criteria and subcriteria were obtained. Finally, the results of the present study for prioritizing effective factors using the questionnaire survey, DEMATEL, ANP and T-test methods indicated that the most important factors are prioritized as safety, environmental, traffic, human and other factors. Moreover, Qasr Al-Dasht street with the highest score is selected as the first ranked street for the selection of bicycle route to improve urban traffic quality and Dampezeshki, Karun and Jeyhun streets are ranked in the next ranks for the bicycle route, respectively.

Nowadays, the need for intercity transmission has become increasingly important to develop industry, exchanges, and travels. So, further attention should be considered to the different phases of road construction projects to avoid high maintenance expenditures. To achieve this goal, destructive factors should be determined in order of priority and their impact rate on the road failure to implement accurate management plans. Some studies have been performed so far; however, just one of the parameters such as asphalt implementation or maintenance, has been generally examined. In this research, all aspects of road construction (in 6 themes) from the study to maintenance phases have been investigated. To do so, the expert's opinions in two cases of employer and contractor are listed. Then, a quantity of 1 to 9 of the failure factors due to the severity of their effect on it, are assigned according to the hierarchical analysis. In this study, all of the detailed items in each case have been prioritized on the some roads of Razavi and South Khorasan provinces. The attitudes of experts in the two areas of employer and contractor were also examined in terms of idea proximity. The results revealed that the studies phase from the employer’s viewpoint and the subbase and base phase from the contractor's viewpoint seem to be more important than others. Also, the resultant from the employer and contractor viewpoint indicates the greater importance of the subbase and base phase compared to other parameters.

One of the most important parts of the safety of each rail network is the fleet cruise control system. All break application processes are carried out in today's modern systems with the help of a system called ATP. This system consists of several units. One of the most important parts of this system is vital digital input and output unit for brake control, which is called VDX. We analyze the automatic train protection system of the made by the Bombardier Company, which is used in the Tehran Metros. Since the VDX unit in this system is responsible for controlling the emergency brakes and the right and left train doors, after examining the unit in this system, a design is presented that, while simplicity all safety and reliability    considerations are observed. as well as the proposed design consists of two processors, four brakes, two controllers for the right and left doors, six relays, six drivers, three flow sensors, a pressure pipe for the brake system and a switch for each door. In addition, the proposed design consists of two processors; four break control circuits, two door controllers, six relays, six drivers, three current sensors, a pressure Cylinder pipe for the brake system, and one switch for each door. Initially, the status of the switches on the right and left doors is checked if the doors are closed, the brakes are released, and if the doors are open, the brakes are engaged. The door status is checked once several milliseconds and opening the doors are considered as an error. The designed system has two units, which act as processor and controller, a fault detection unit, brake interface circuits, and right and left door interface circuits. Fault detection and troubleshooting are performed alternatively within milliseconds. This unit monitors the processors based on high/low signals received from controllers of them. This system monitors the drivers, brake interface & relays via some dedicated sensors as well. Current of the switches help monitoring left and right sides door.

The improvement of asphalt materials to develop the overall performance of bitumen and asphalt mixtures has been the focus of several researches that have been carried out in the past few decades. Using plastic waste in asphalt modification is one of the measures taken in this direction. The use of waste materials in the construction of pavements not only improves the properties of asphalt, but also significantly saves the cost of pavement materials and helps to solve the problems of disposing of such waste materials that can cause water pollution. Become soil and air, they are dangerous. Therefore, in this research, the effect of semi-heated asphalt additives, nanoclay and polypropylene waste on the performance characteristics of bitumen and asphalt mixtures was evaluated. In the present research, nanoclay (3% bitumen weight), polypropylene waste (1%, 2% and 3% bitumen weight) and 2 semi-heated additives (2% Sasobit and also 0.3% Zycotherm) were used to modify pure bitumen (85/100). ) used. Several bitumen rheological tests and mixture performance tests were conducted. The results of the bitumen rheological behavior test showed that the addition of composite additives leads to an increase in the high temperature behavior of bitumen. Bitumen storage stability test also showed that using nanoclay improves the storage stability of polypropylene-containing bitumen. The rutting resistance of bitumen increases with the addition of nanoclay and polypropylene. In addition, nanoclay and semi-heated additive can increase the fatigue behavior of polypropylene modified bitumen. The results of the sample test showed that the use of polypropylene, semi-warm additives and nanoclay improves the performance characteristics of bitumen and asphalt mixtures.

The goal of the current investigation was to determine how nanosilica particles affected the performance parameters of asphalt binders treated with polymers. In this investigation, nanosilica particles and polypropylene polymer were added at concentrations ranging from 0% to 4% to regulate 80/100 binder. By weight, polypropylene polymer and nanosilica particles were added to the total bitumen content. To assess the impact of nanosilica particles, asphalt performance tests such as the flexural four point beam fatigue test, indirect tensile strength, indirect tensile stiffness modulus, and draindown tests are carried out. The study's findings demonstrate that adding nanosilica particles to a modified polypropylene polymer binder increases its resistance to fatigue. This suggests that the performance characteristics of binders modified with polymers are significantly improved by nanosilica particles. The outcome also shows that bitumen modifiers made of thermoplastic polymer polypropylene and nanosilica particles enhance the functionality and longevity of asphalt mixes.

The purpose of this research is to investigate and evaluate the effects of calcium nanocarbonate on the mechanical properties of bitumen and asphalt mixture. The laboratory program of this research includes the use of two percent calcium nanocarbonate additives (3%, 5% by weight of bitumen) to modify pure bitumen. Various tests including: penetration degree, softening point, stretchability, MSCR1, LAS2, indirect tensile strength, buckling modulus and dynamic fatigue and creep were performed. Fatigue test was performed based on four-point bending beam test with constant strain level in three levels of 600, 800 and 1000 microstrain with sinusoidal loading. The fatigue life of the samples was evaluated based on a fifty percent decrease in the initial hardness modulus. The results showed that the addition of calcium nanocarbonate increased the softening point and decreased the degree of penetration and stigmatization. Also, the bitumen rutting results showed that the addition of nano calcium carbonate increased the fatigue life of the samples. According to the results, the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures made with bitumen modified with calcium nanocarbonate is more than normal asphalt mixtures. Also, bentonite led to a relative increase in indirect tensile strength and hardness modulus of asphalt mixtures.

Using glass aggregate in asphalt mixture is an effective way to deal with environmental pollution. In this research, epoxy asphalt was used instead of normal asphalt. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of glass aggregate on the performance of asphalt-epoxy mixture compared to asphalt with styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer softener 1 (SBS). The results showed that for two types of asphalt mixtures, the optimal percentage of additive, void space and density decrease with the increase of glass aggregate content. Marshall stability, Marshall water absorption stability, tensile strength ratio, flexural strength and low temperature properties of asphalt-epoxy mixture are slightly affected by glass aggregate content and are different from SBS-modified asphalt. In addition, the asphalt-epoxy mixture with glass aggregate has good characteristics in terms of wear resistance and light reflection. Therefore, in the asphalt-epoxy mixture, the high content of glass aggregate can achieve superior performance without the need for anti-adhesion agent and with the reduction of environmental pollution.